Monocalcium Phosphate (MCP) is a critical inorganic phosphorus source used in commercial poultry and pig production to support proper bone mineralization and skeletal health. Phosphorus (P) and calcium (Ca) are the primary mineral components of bone, and their dietary balance is essential for preventing skeletal disorders such as rickets and lameness. Studies consistently show that supplementation with MCP significantly increases bone ash content, breaking strength, and overall bone density in both broilers and swine. The high bioavailability and digestibility of phosphorus from MCP, which are often greater than other inorganic sources, make it particularly effective in promoting strong skeletal integrity.

In poultry, adequate MCP supplementation helps to mitigate the leg weakness and fractures commonly associated with rapid growth rates and dietary mineral deficiencies. Similarly, for pigs, the use of highly digestible phosphorus from MCP improves bone thickness and reduces porosity, which is crucial for preventing fractures during development and transport. Researchers have found a direct positive correlation between dietary phosphorus levels from sources like MCP and the percentage of ash and phosphorus in the tibia bone of broilers.

However, a delicate balance is required, as excessive calcium can negatively impact phosphorus digestibility, potentially forming insoluble complexes that reduce mineral absorption. Therefore, strategic formulation of diets with an optimal Ca:P ratio is paramount to maximizing the benefits of MCP. In conclusion, MCP serves as a highly bioavailable phosphorus source that is indispensable for supporting robust bone health and preventing musculoskeletal disorders in modern intensive livestock systems.

Conclusion

Promois International (www.promoisinternational.com) is one of the best-known manufacturers of the mentioned amino acid.

References are available for request.

We at Promois International are a leading manufacturer and supplier of feed supplements and additives across the globe having a presence in more than 70  countries of the world including Spain, Mexico, Romania, Thailand, Vietnam, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Algeria, Ghana, Uganda, Turkey, Venezuela & others to name a few.

In large-scale poultry and pig production, various stressors like high ambient temperatures, transportation, and weaning can induce oxidative stress, a state of imbalance between pro-oxidants (reactive oxygen species, ROS) and the body’s antioxidant defences. While most poultry and pigs can synthesize vitamin C (ascorbic acid) endogenously, this production is often insufficient to meet the increased demand during stressful conditions. As a potent water-soluble antioxidant, dietary vitamin C supplementation effectively mitigates this issue.

Vitamin C directly scavenges free radicals, such as superoxide and hydroxyl radicals, by donating electrons and becoming oxidized itself. This process neutralizes harmful ROS, preventing them from damaging essential cellular components like lipids, proteins, and DNA. Furthermore, vitamin C plays a crucial role in the regeneration of other antioxidants, particularly the lipid-soluble vitamin E (α-tocopherol), restoring its active form. This synergistic relationship enhances the overall antioxidant capacity of the animal’s defence system.

By reducing oxidative stress, vitamin C supplementation can improve several physiological parameters. It helps to maintain the integrity of cell membranes, supports the immune system, and reduces the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, which are often elevated under stress. In poultry, this leads to improvements in performance parameters such as feed intake, body weight gain, and feed conversion ratio. For pigs, it has been shown to reduce pre-slaughter stress, improve meat quality, and enhance the overall health and productivity of the herd. Therefore, supplementing the diet with vitamin C is a vital nutritional strategy to counteract the detrimental effects of stress, thereby promoting animal welfare and economic viability in modern livestock production.

 

Conclusion

Promois International (www.promoisinternational.com) is one of the best-known manufacturers of the mentioned amino acid.

References are available for request.

We at Promois International are a leading manufacturer and supplier of feed supplements and additives across the globe having a presence in more than 70  countries of the world including Spain, Mexico, Romania, Thailand, Vietnam, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Algeria, Ghana, Uganda, Turkey, Venezuela & others to name a few.

Dry acid blends are widely used in commercial broiler and pig production systems to improve feed stability and microbial safety by lowering feed pH (Gerrard, 2003). These acidifiers, which typically contain organic acids such as formic, lactic, or citric acid, can influence feed pH by neutralizing alkalinity and inhibiting pathogenic bacteria (Kiarie et al., 2013). The inclusion of dry acid blends has been shown to reduce feed pH more effectively than individual acids due to synergistic effects (Molette et al., 2004). Maintaining a stable, lower pH in feed helps inhibit the growth of spoilage microbes and pathogens like Salmonella spp. (Guan et al., 2019).

Different blends vary in their acid composition, which affects the degree and duration of pH stability during feed storage and in the gastrointestinal tract (Khan et al., 2020). For broilers, a stable low pH in feed can improve nutrient digestibility and reduce feed conversion ratios (FCR) (Wenk, 2003). In pig production systems, dry acid blends enhance feed hygiene and reduce the risk of microbial contamination, which is crucial for maintaining animal health (Jensen et al., 2017). The efficacy of these blends depends on their buffering capacity, acid strength, and inclusion levels (Gerrard, 2003). Carefully formulated dry acid blends contribute to improved feed stability, safety, and animal performance in commercial poultry and swine operations (Jensen et al., 2017).

Conclusion

Promois International (www.promoisinternational.com) is one of the best-known manufacturers of the mentioned amino acid.

References are available for request.

We at Promois International are a leading manufacturer and supplier of feed supplements and additives across the globe having a presence in more than 70  countries of the world including Spain, Mexico, Romania, Thailand, Vietnam, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Algeria, Ghana, Uganda, Turkey, Venezuela & others to name a few.

Monocalcium phosphate (MCP) is a widely used inorganic phosphorus supplement that provides bioavailable phosphorus and calcium, essential for optimal growth (NRC, 2012). The inclusion level of MCP must be optimized to meet mineral requirements without causing imbalances or environmental concerns. In poultry, studies suggest that MCP inclusion levels of approximately 0.2-0.3% of the diet improve bone mineralization and growth performance without negative effects (Saki et al., 2010).

For pigs, MCP supplementation at levels around 0.3-0.4% has been shown to support optimal growth and mineral status (He et al., 2013). Excessive MCP can lead to mineral imbalances, such as hypercalcemia or phosphorus overload, which impair nutrient absorption and metabolic health (Liu et al., 2015). Combining MCP with phytase enzymes can reduce the required inclusion levels while maintaining phosphorus availability (Selle et al., 2010). The presence of dietary phytate may influence MCP efficacy, necessitating adjustments based on diet composition (Humer et al., 2018).

Continuous monitoring of mineral status and growth metrics is essential to fine-tune supplementation strategies (Kerr et al., 2011). Overall, balancing MCP levels with other dietary components ensures efficient mineral utilization and animal health (Selle et al., 2010).

 

Conclusion

Promois International (www.promoisinternational.com) is one of the best-known manufacturers of the mentioned amino acid.

References are available for request.

We at Promois International are a leading manufacturer and supplier of feed supplements and additives across the globe having a presence in more than 70  countries of the world including Spain, Mexico, Romania, Thailand, Vietnam, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Algeria, Ghana, Uganda, Turkey, Venezuela & others to name a few.

Vitamin E is a critical fat-soluble antioxidant that plays a significant role in enhancing the antioxidant status and immune function in poultry and swine production systems (Surai, 2002). In poultry, supplementation with vitamin E has been shown to improve the activity of antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase, thereby reducing oxidative stress and cellular damage (Khan et al., 2015). Similarly, in swine, dietary vitamin E enhances plasma vitamin E levels, leading to increased resistance against oxidative challenges encountered during stress periods like transportation and weaning (Yin et al., 2013). Vitamin E also modulates immune responses by promoting lymphocyte proliferation, antibody production, and cytokine synthesis, which collectively improve disease resistance (Miller et al., 2004).

In large-scale production, adequate vitamin E supplementation correlates with improved growth performance, feed efficiency, and overall health status of animals (Huang et al., 2010). The antioxidant effect of vitamin E is particularly critical in reducing lipid peroxidation in cell membranes, which is vital for maintaining cellular integrity under intensive production conditions (Surai & Fisinin, 2014). Moreover, vitamin E supplementation has been linked with enhanced vaccine responses, indicating its role in supporting adaptive immunity (Kumar et al., 2016). However, the efficacy of vitamin E depends on dose, source, and interaction with other nutrients such as selenium (Pappas et al., 2014). Excessive supplementation, on the other hand, may lead to oxidative imbalance or nutrient antagonism, emphasizing the importance of optimal dosing (Yin et al., 2013). Overall, strategic vitamin E supplementation in poultry and swine diets improves antioxidant defences and immune competence, thereby supporting animal health and productivity at a commercial scale (Surai & Fisinin, 2014).

 

Conclusion

Promois International (www.promoisinternational.com) is one of the best-known manufacturers of the mentioned amino acid.

References are available for request.

We at Promois International are a leading manufacturer and supplier of feed supplements and additives across the globe having a presence in more than 70  countries of the world including Spain, Mexico, Romania, Thailand, Vietnam, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Algeria, Ghana, Uganda, Turkey, Venezuela & others to name a few.

MCP (monocalcium phosphate) supplementation is widely used to enhance mineral intake in broilers and swine, primarily influencing calcium (Ca) and phosphorus (P) absorption (Keshavarz et al., 2015). MCP provides readily available sources of inorganic phosphate and calcium, facilitating their absorption in the gastrointestinal tract (Selle et al., 2013). In broilers, optimal MCP levels improve phosphorus bioavailability due to its high solubility, thus enhancing skeletal development and growth performance (Liu et al., 2018).

The presence of MCP also indirectly promotes calcium absorption by maintaining appropriate mineral balance and optimizing the ionic environment in the gut (Liu et al., 2017). In swine, MCP supplementation has been shown to increase phosphorus digestibility, reducing the need for inorganic phosphorus supplements and mitigating environmental phosphorus excretion (Selle et al., 2013). The solubility of MCP allows it to bypass phytate binding, which otherwise impairs mineral absorption in monogastric animals (Zhang et al., 2019). Furthermore, MCP supplementation can stimulate the activity of intestinal mineral transporters, thereby enhancing phosphate uptake (Zhang et al., 2019). The balance between calcium and phosphorus is critical; MCP helps maintain this ratio, promoting optimal absorption efficiency (Keshavarz et al., 2015).

Excessive MCP inclusion, however, may lead to mineral imbalances or increased acid load, potentially impairing nutrient absorption (Liu et al., 2018). Overall, MCP supplementation improves mineral bioavailability by providing soluble, readily absorbed calcium and phosphorus sources, ultimately supporting skeletal health and growth in broilers and swine (Selle et al., 2013). Future research should focus on dose optimization and interactions with phytate-degrading enzymes to maximize mineral absorption efficiency (Zhang et al., 2019).

Conclusion

Promois International (www.promoisinternational.com) is one of the best-known manufacturers of the mentioned amino acid.

References are available for request.

We at Promois International are a leading manufacturer and supplier of feed supplements and additives across the globe having a presence in more than 70  countries of the world including Spain, Mexico, Romania, Thailand, Vietnam, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Algeria, Ghana, Uganda, Turkey, Venezuela & others to name a few.

Monocalcium phosphate (MCP) is a widely used inorganic phosphorus supplement that provides bioavailable phosphorus and calcium, essential for optimal growth (NRC, 2012). The inclusion level of MCP must be optimized to meet mineral requirements without causing imbalances or environmental concerns. In poultry, studies suggest that MCP inclusion levels of approximately 0.2-0.3% of the diet improve bone mineralization and growth performance without negative effects (Saki et al., 2010).

For pigs, MCP supplementation at levels around 0.3-0.4% has been shown to support optimal growth and mineral status (He et al., 2013). Excessive MCP can lead to mineral imbalances, such as hypercalcemia or phosphorus overload, which impair nutrient absorption and metabolic health (Liu et al., 2015). Combining MCP with phytase enzymes can reduce the required inclusion levels while maintaining phosphorus availability (Selle et al., 2010). The presence of dietary phytate may influence MCP efficacy, necessitating adjustments based on diet composition (Humer et al., 2018).

Continuous monitoring of mineral status and growth metrics is essential to fine-tune supplementation strategies (Kerr et al., 2011). Overall, balancing MCP levels with other dietary components ensures efficient mineral utilization and animal health (Selle et al., 2010).

 

Conclusion

Promois International (www.promoisinternational.com) is one of the best-known manufacturers of the mentioned amino acid.

References are available for request.

We at Promois International are a leading manufacturer and supplier of feed supplements and additives across the globe having a presence in more than 70  countries of the world including Spain, Mexico, Romania, Thailand, Vietnam, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Algeria, Ghana, Uganda, Turkey, Venezuela & others to name a few.